Private 5G (P5G) networks provide secure, high-performance wireless connectivity for enterprise and public-sector deployments. Many of these networks rely on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), a shared spectrum model that delivers licensed-grade wireless access without the cost or complexity of traditional carrier networks.
More than 420,000 CBRS radios now support private 5G deployments across logistics hubs, factories, airports, schools, and rural broadband networks. Despite recent regulatory uncertainty around broader mid-band allocations, CBRS remains the most mature, scalable, and enterprise-focused shared spectrum framework in the United States.
This article outlines how CBRS-based private 5G networks are driving the shift from best-effort to deterministic wireless. It highlights key use cases, explains CBRS’s role in advancing global innovation and U.S. competitiveness, and emphasizes the importance of long-term spectrum stability to support edge AI, IoT, and next-generation wireless infrastructure.
The Shift to Deterministic Wireless
Once limited to national carriers, licensed mid-band spectrum is now accessible to enterprises through CBRS. This shared model enables deterministic wireless performance for demanding applications—delivering predictable latency, throughput, and reliability beyond what best-effort Wi-Fi and public cellular typically provide.
CBRS-based private 5G networks eliminate the cost and complexity of spectrum leasing while offering real-time responsiveness and direct control over coverage, traffic, security, and device management. Hybrid deployments alongside Wi-Fi, distributed antenna systems (DAS), and public cellular networks support scalable growth and evolving business needs. These architectures also help maintain data sovereignty and regulatory compliance.
Technical Progress: CBRS 2.0 and an Expanding Ecosystem
The launch of CBRS 2.0 in June 2024 introduced important spectrum policy changes and technical upgrades that significantly improved coverage and reliability. Key regulatory updates minimized exclusion zones, expanding geographic access for both indoor and outdoor deployments.
Indoor availability now covers approximately 97% of the U.S., up from 78%. A new 24-hour “heartbeat” interval allows CBRS devices to stay connected without repeated authorization from the Spectrum Access System (SAS). This improves resilience for time-sensitive, always-on use cases.
CBRS-based private 5G networks support a wide range of deployment models, enabled by a growing ecosystem of compatible hardware. Enterprises install industrial-grade access points (APs), ruggedized customer premises equipment (CPE), and a variety of IoT and edge devices with native CBRS support. Most major mobile device manufacturers support band n48—the 3GPP designation for CBRS in 5G NR—facilitating seamless mobility across private CBRS, public cellular, and Wi-Fi networks.
CBRS in Action: Key Use Cases and Deployments
Private 5G CBRS networks are active across nearly every U.S. sector, supporting tens of thousands of devices, users, and mission-critical applications.
In manufacturing, CBRS enables factory-wide private 5G connectivity for autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs), robotic systems, inspection cameras, and predictive maintenance tools. These deployments improve throughput, reduce downtime, and deliver measurable ROI, with some manufacturers reporting returns within three to six months.
Logistics operations use CBRS to connect scanners, sorters, and mobile robots in RF-dense environments, while maritime ports rely on it for crane control and real-time cargo visibility. Additional use cases include:
- Airports: Enable ground operations, baggage systems, and security workflows with dedicated private 5G networks.
- Healthcare facilities: Support connected medical devices, mobile staff communications, and patient care applications across large campuses.
- Educational institutions: Extend campus-wide coverage to classrooms, dormitories, and public safety systems.
- Fixed wireless ISPs and tribal organizations: Deliver broadband and voice services in underserved rural regions, with some networks supporting more than 50,000 users through neutral-host or fixed wireless access (FWA) models.
- Hospitality and outdoor venues: Provide outdoor surveillance, indoor mobility, and staff communications.
In each case, CBRS-based private 5G networks deliver what legacy wireless models can’t: private, carrier-independent, cost-effective connectivity at scale.
Risk and Resilience: What Happens Without CBRS?
CBRS is more than just another spectrum band. It is a foundational driver of private 5G and deterministic wireless connectivity across the U.S. Without it, enterprises would lose the most direct and cost-effective path to reliable mid-band spectrum. The alternative, leasing licensed spectrum, is often cost-prohibitive for midsize businesses and rural operators.
Removing or repurposing CBRS would disrupt a mature, scalable ecosystem. It could require replacing deployed equipment, impact organizations that invested in Priority Access Licenses (PALs), and strand billions in private capital. Many radios and devices support only CBRS band n48, so even modular systems would face transition costs and operational downtime.
For tribal nations and rural broadband providers, the impact would be even more severe. CBRS offers spectrum independence and flexibility. Losing it would mean returning to less secure, less scalable, and less sustainable connectivity models.
While full-scale reallocation remains unlikely, ongoing regulatory uncertainty could slow adoption and discourage investment. The best safeguard is continued growth: more deployed networks, validated use cases, and stakeholders relying on CBRS.
Global Innovation and U.S. Competitiveness
International deployments validate a principle proven by CBRS: when enterprises gain direct spectrum access, they invest in automation, real-time data, and next-generation applications. This accelerates innovation, bolsters national competitiveness, and drives long-term economic growth.
Several countries now offer enterprise-focused spectrum models. Germany, the UK, and France provide local spectrum for industrial deployments. Japan has issued local 5G licenses, while Brazil is evaluating regional 5G frameworks to expand rural connectivity.
CBRS remains the most widely deployed and operationally mature shared spectrum model globally. Operating as a 150 MHz U.S.-only band in the 3.5 GHz range (3.55–3.7 GHz), it uses a three-tiered access model managed by the SAS, which coordinates use among incumbents (e.g., the Navy), Priority Access Licensees (PALs), and General Authorized Access (GAA) users. This dynamic framework supports private LTE and 5G networks, with unlicensed access available via the GAA tier.
Looking Ahead: Policy, Innovation, and Enterprise Momentum
CBRS supports tens of thousands of private LTE and 5G networks from coast to coast. Its shared spectrum model enables advanced AI workflows, edge analytics, ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) for automation, and secure wireless access where traditional connectivity falls short.
Fortress Solutions views policy continuity as critical to accelerating private cellular adoption and supporting long-term growth. The specter of spectrum reallocation can deter investment and delay deployments. Regulatory stability offers the clearest path to scaling CBRS and adapting to an evolving spectrum landscape.
A crucial element of the national wireless strategy, CBRS reinforces U.S. leadership in enterprise connectivity and global competitiveness. As other regions expand private spectrum programs, CBRS helps U.S. enterprises maintain their lead in robotics, AI, and advanced wireless infrastructure. Continued traction, driven by expanding deployments, stable policy, and growing market confidence, will shape the future of private 5G in the U.S. and beyond.